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- Summer solstice FAQs answered by an expert
- What causes the summer solstice?
- What is the meaning of solstice?
- Summer solstice celebrations
- Additional resources
When is the summer solstice?
The summer solstice for the Northern Hemisphere occurs on June 20, 2024, at 4:51 p.m. EDT (2051 GMT), and the summer solstice for the Southern Hemisphere occurs on Dec. 21, 2024, at 5:29 a.m. EST (0929 GMT).
The summer solstice marks the official start of astronomical summer and the longest day of the year.
It occurs when one of Earth's poles is tilted toward the sun at its most extreme angle, and due to Earth's tilt, this happens twice a year. In the Northern Hemisphere, the summer solstice falls in June (while the Southern Hemisphere experiences the winter solstice), and in the Southern Hemisphere, it falls in December (while the Northern Hemisphere experiences the winter solstice).
The summer solstice and subsequent longest day of the year are celebrated by many cultures around the world with numerous traditions, holidays and festivals. From sunrise gatherings to midsummer festivals, summer solstice celebrations certainly blow the winter cobwebs away.
Related: Stonehenge's summer solstice orientation is seen in monuments all over the UK in amazing photos
Summer solstice FAQs answered by an expert
We asked meteorologist Joe Rao, a few commonly asked questions about the summer solstice.
Joe Rao
Joe Rao is Space.com's skywatching columnist, as well as a veteran meteorologist and eclipse chaser who also serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York's Hayden Planetarium.
What is the summer solstice?
It marks that moment when the sun reaches that point when it is positioned farthestnorth — 23.5 degrees from the celestial equator. This point on the Earth is known as the Tropic of Cancer. The word solstice literally means "sun standing still." It is derivedfromcombining the Latin words sol for "sun" and sistere for “To Stand Still”.
Forthe previous six months, the sun has appeared to migrate on a northerly course in thesky. At the moment of the solstice, that motion stops and then the sun will beginto move south. A motion that will continue for six months until the sun drops to itslowest point below the equator and then stop — another solstice point — marking thebeginning of winter.
When does the summer solstice occur?
During the 21st century, the dates for the occurrence of the solstice can fall either on June 20th or 21st.
How many hours of daylight do we get on the summer solstice?
In the Northern Hemisphere, the length of daylight varies depending on the latitude. At the equator, the time from sunrise to sunset is about 12 hours. At temperate or mid-northern latitudes (approximately 40 degrees north) the length of daylight lasts about 15 hours. And for those who are north of the Arctic Circle (66.5 degrees north) the sun remains above the horizon for 24 hours.
Is summer solstice the first day of summer?
For most of the world, this is true. But for other parts of the world, thesolsticeis looked upon not as the start of summer, but rather asmidsummer.If, for example, you were to pay a visit to Sweden or Norway at this time of year, you would find the local inhabitants celebrating a local holiday known as Midsummer's Day, which by ancient custom falls on June 24, a day also linked with the name of St. John the Baptist. At night, fires are lit in the mountains in other parts of Europe. In northern Scandinavia, above the Arctic Circle, the phenomenon of the midnightsunat solstice time is a seasonal clock that seems to divide summer, if not the entire year into two distinct parts. It is that time of the year that the sun, having spent the previous six months plodding steadily northward has reached the pinnacle of its migration.
What causes the summer solstice?
We have Earth's tilt to thank for the seasons, and without it both hemispheres would receive equal light throughout the year.
As Earth orbits the sun, the axis of rotation of Earth is slightly tilted at 23.44°.1 according to the Royal Museums Greenwich. This means that as Earth orbits the sun, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun during one half of the year. During the other half of the year, the Southern Hemisphere tilts towards it.
When the Northern or Southern Hemisphere is most tilted towards the sun, it experiences the summer solstice; when it is most tilted away, it experiences the winter solstice.
The solstices also do not land on the same calendar day every year because the astronomical year is 365.25 days long. As such, the summer solstice for the Northern Hemisphere — also known as the June solstice — currently shifts between June 20, 21 and 22. The summer solstice does, however, occur at the same time for every country independently of which side of Earth is facing the sun. This means the exact moment of summer solstice can occur in the middle of the night for some people and the middle of the day for others.
What is the meaning of solstice?
The word solstice is derived from the Latin word solstitium which translates to "sun stands still." This is due to the apparent movement of the sun to the north or south stops before changing direction, according to Dictionary.com.
While the sun always rises in the east and sets in the west, it appears higher or lower in the sky throughout the year, depending on the season. Around the solstices, the sun reaches its apparent highest and lowest point in the sky. These correspond to midsummer and midwinter respectively, which are the turning points in the sun's journey.
Once the sun reaches its zenith at the summer solstice, it will begin its journey toward the horizon, culminating in the winter solstice at its lowest point. In the weeks before these solstice turning points, the sun appears to move very little, earning it the name "sun standstill."
If you were to map the sun's midday position every day for a year, it would make a lopsided figure eight, called an analemma. The point at which the curves of the figure eight intersect is the equinox, which is when day and night are roughly equal in length.
Summer solstice celebrations
Humans have been observing the sun's position in the sky for thousands of years, and monuments such as Stonehenge in England, Karnak in Egypt, and Chankillo in Peru stand as a testament to our fascination with our nearest star. Solstices have also influenced many traditions and celebrations around the world.
At Stonehenge in the U.K., the sun rises behind the ancient entrance to a stone circle and "the sunlight is channeled into the center of the monument," the BBC reported. Researchers believe that solstices have been celebrated at Stonehenge for thousands of years. The stone circle is particularly important to pagans and druids.
According to some ancient Greek calendars, the summer solstice heralded the beginning of the new year and marked the one-month countdown to the start of the Olympic Games, according to St Neots Museum in the U.K.
In Sweden, midsummer celebrations rooted in paganism are the highlight of the year for many. The weekend surrounding the solstice is filled with food, drink and plenty of singing, according to Lonely Planet. Flower-wreath-wearing revelers take part in maypole and folk dances such as the traditional "Små grodorna".
In the U.S., some Native American tribes living in the plains and The Rocky Mountains perform a Sun Dance to celebrate the summer solstice. In Fairbanks, Alaska, a baseball game known as the "Midnight Sun Game" traditionally starts at 10:30 p.m and takes a brief pause close to midnight for everyone to sing the Alaska Flag Song.
In the Wiccan religion, people celebrate Yule at the winter solstice to herald the return of the sun and warmer months.
Additional resources
Explore the difference between the equinox and solstice with the UK Met Office. Learn how to make your own solstice and equinox "suntrack" season model with NASA and the Stanford Solar Center. Discover 11 interesting June solstice facts with Time and Date.
Bibliography
Bland, A. (2012, December 20). The best places to see and celebrate the Winter Solstice. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved September 26, 2022, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-best-places-to-see-and-celebrate-the-winter-solstice-169694017/
Chankillo Archaeoastronomical Complex. World Monuments Fund. (2021, July 1). Retrieved September 26, 2022, from https://www.wmf.org/project/chankillo-archaeoastronomical-complex
Midnight Sun Game. Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks - Pointstreak Sites. Retrieved September 26, 2022, from http://goldpanners.pointstreaksites.com/view/goldpanners/june-21-2023-midnight-sun-game-tickets-go-on-sale-in-november-2022-stay-tuned
National Institutes of Health. Cheyenne Indians at a sun dance, by Edward S. Curtis, circa 1910. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved September 26, 2022, from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/exhibition/healing-ways/medicine-ways/key-role-of-ceremony/images/ob1410.html
Why do we celebrate the summer solstice? St Neots Museum. Retrieved September 26, 2022, from https://www.stneotsmuseum.org.uk/articles/why-do-we-celebrate-the-summer-solstice/
Salisbury, V. (2020, June 18). Top 8 summer solstice celebrations from around the World – Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet. Retrieved September 26, 2022, from https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/summer-solstice-celebrations
Sunrise and Sunset Times today: The old farmer's almanac. Almanac.com. Retrieved September 26, 2022, from https://www.almanac.com/astronomy/sun-rise-and-set
When is the summer solstice? Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved September 26, 2022, from https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/summer-solstice
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Daisy Dobrijevic
Reference Editor
Daisy Dobrijevic joined Space.com in February 2022 having previously worked for our sister publication All About Space magazine as a staff writer. Before joining us, Daisy completed an editorial internship with the BBC Sky at Night Magazine and worked at the National Space Centre in Leicester, U.K., where she enjoyed communicating space science to the public. In 2021, Daisy completed a PhD in plant physiology and also holds a Master's in Environmental Science, she is currently based in Nottingham, U.K. Daisy is passionate about all things space, with a penchant for solar activity and space weather. She has a strong interest in astrotourism and loves nothing more than a good northern lights chase!
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